Africa has the least developed weather and climate observation network and it is deteriorating. National meteorological and hydrological services (NMHS) work in this difficult environment as an important component in the larger CS system. They have a mandate to serve national needs to observe, forecast, and issue warnings for pending weather, climate, and water threats. Most African NMHSs face challenges associated with limited human capital and financial resources that constrain their ability to provide even basic services. Additional investment is needed to ensure climate services are effective, but given resource constraints, these investments need to target priority gaps. Investments also need to consider ongoing limitations, such as operation and maintenance costs, the roles of multiple actors within the climate and weather enterprise, and the long-term objectives of NMHSs.